Capital Gains Tax Exclusion for Homeowners: What to Know for 2025

As a homeowner, you might have concerns about paying capital gains tax when you decide to sell your home.

Luckily, there's a tax provision known as the "Section 121 Exclusion" that can help you save on taxes following a home sale.

In simple terms, this capital gains tax exclusion enables homeowners who meet specific requirements to exclude up to $250,000 (or up to $500,000 for married couples filing jointly) of capital gains from the sale of their primary residence.

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That means if you sell your home for a gain of less than $250,000 (or $500,000 if married, filing jointly), you won't be obligated to pay capital gains tax on that amount.

However, there are certain criteria you must meet to qualify for the home sale exclusion. There are also several exceptions to the 121 exclusion rules.

Here is more of what you need to know to help determine whether you qualify.

Related: More Home Sellers Face Capital Gains Tax Bills

Avoiding capital gains tax: 121 home sale exclusion requirements

Primary residence: You must have owned and used the home as your primary residence for at least two of the five years leading up to the date of the sale.

The IRS allows you to have only one primary residence at a time, and the agency uses various factors to determine whether a home qualifies as a primary residence.

Notably, however, the two years don't have to be a consecutive, single block of time during the five years.

Frequency: You can only claim this exclusion once every two years. If you have already excluded gains from a previous home sale within the last two years, you'll need to wait before you can claim it again.

Eligible gains: The exclusion applies only to gains from your home's sale, not losses. Additionally, any portion of the profit exceeding the $250,000/$500,000 limit will be subject to capital gains tax.

Note: It's important to keep detailed records of your home sale, including the purchase price, any improvements made to the property, and expenses. These records will help you accurately calculate your capital gains and determine if you qualify for the exclusion.

Exceeding the limit: If your profit exceeds the exclusion limit, you will need to pay capital gains tax on the amount that surpasses the limit. For example, if you are single and your profit is $300,000, $50,000 of that profit ($300,000 to $250,000) would be subject to capital gains tax.

In that case, the tax rate you pay on the excess profit depends on your income and whether the gain is short-term or long-term. Generally, long-term capital gains tax rates are lower than ordinary income tax rates.

Exceptions to the capital gains home sale exclusion

There are several exceptions to IRS home sale exclusion rules.

For example, if you transfer a home to a spouse or ex-spouse, the IRS doesn’t consider that to be a gain or a loss.

• Other exceptions to the rules apply in situations involving U.S. military service members or when the primary home sale is a factor in separation, divorce or death of a spouse.
• Situations involving vacant land, destroyed homes, like/kind exchanges, or business or rental income generally trigger different tax rules, requirements and tax treatment.

For more information on these and other situations, see IRS Publication 523.

What about a partial home gain exclusion?

If you don't meet the maximum home sale exclusion eligibility, you might still qualify for a partial exclusion of gain.

For example, according to the IRS, you can meet the requirements for a partial exclusion if the main reason for your home sale was a change in workplace location, a health issue, or an unforeseeable event.

For more information on how partial home exclusions are calculated, you can find resources on IRS.gov or consult with a qualified and trusted financial adviser.

Reporting a home sale on your taxes

Typically, you'll receive Form 1099-S from the closing agent, which details the home sale.

This form is used to report proceeds from real estate transactions, and the IRS says you must include the information when filing your return, even if you have no taxable gain.

Always keep detailed records of your purchase price, improvements and selling expenses to support your claims for exclusions or deductions.

Remember that certain factors, such as any depreciation claimed for the home, can affect capital gains tax. It's also important to consider any state or local taxes that could apply to the sale of your home.

Consulting with a tax professional is a good idea if you need clarification on your eligibility or help navigating the complexities of tax laws. They can provide personalized advice based on your situation and ensure you take full advantage of any available tax benefits.

What about state-level capital gains taxes on home sales?

While the federal capital gains tax home sale exclusion is uniform across the U.S., state-level taxation can vary. Some states, such as California, follow the federal rule, while others have their own regulations.

Check with your state's tax authority or a qualified tax professional to understand your obligations.

Related

• Capital Gains Tax Rates for 2025
• States With Low and No Capital Gains Tax
• Capital Gains Tax on Real Estate and Home Sales